Anaphylaxis: Mediators, Biomarkers, and Microenvironments.

The life-threatening nature of anaphylactic reactions has increased interest in discovering new biomarkers that could improve diagnosis and prevention. However, the diverse nature of the clinical features and the etiology and pathogenesis of anaphylaxis hinder the identification of valuable molecular indicators of disease. Most studies on anaphylaxis focus on the immune system. Anaphylactic reactions are characterized primarily by IgE-mediated activation of mast cells and basophils and release of mediators. Determination of serum tryptase levels is the main in vitro test used to confirm the reaction, although there are no biomarkers that can predict it. Nevertheless, recent research has postulated that alternative pathways, cell types, and systems are involved. Consequently, various molecular products have been explored and considered potential biomarkers, although none of them are yet used in clinical practice. The products that are altered in patients with anaphylaxis include vasoactive agents, proteases, proteoglycans, lipids, interleukins, cytokines, products of the complement-contact and coagulation systems, circulating proteins, extracellular vesicles, microRNAs, and metabolites. The recognition of biological processes and molecular pathways affecting the microenvironments involved in anaphylaxis will considerably improve clinical practice and the identification of better molecular markers. We offer a broad review of the various mediators described in anaphylaxis, consider their usefulness as potential biomarkers of this pathological event, and examine their role in the molecular basis of the reaction.

Allergen Profile of London Plane Tree Pollen: Clinical and Molecular Pattern in Central Spain.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Platanus acerifolia (London plane tree) is a deciduous tree of the Platanaceae family. Sensitization to this plant varies with geography. Madrid, located in central Spain, has one of the highest London plane tree pollen concentration levels on the Iberian Peninsula. We evaluated both the clinical characteristics and the molecular sensitization pattern of patients with allergy to London plane tree pollen in the region of Madrid. METHODS: Thirty-eight patients allergic to London plane tree pollen were selected according to their clinical symptoms and positive results in skin prick testing and/or specific IgE determination. Serum was collected, and allergen components were evaluated using immunodetection techniques as well as ImmunoCAP. The IgE-binding proteins detected were identified and characterized using mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Analysis of serum samples from allergic patients revealed 9 IgE-binding bands in London plane tree pollen extract. Among these, the 45-kDa protein, which corresponded to Pla a 2, was detected in 76.3% of patients. However, the 18-kDa (Pla a 1) and 9-kDa (Pla a 3) bands were detected in 44.7% and 23.7% of sera, respectively. These results were confirmed using purified proteins. Characterization of the allergen revealed the 27-kDa protein to be glutathione-S-transferase. CONCLUSIONS: The molecular profile of patients sensitized to London plane tree pollen differs from that reported in studies from other locations. In the population we studied, the prevalence of Pla a 2 was higher than that of Pla a 1 and Pla a 3. In addition, the minor allergen previously referred to as Pla a 4 was characterized as glutathione-S-transferase.

Allergen Profile of London Plane Tree Pollen: Clinical and Molecular Pattern in Central Spain

Background: Platanus acerifolia (London plane tree) is a deciduous tree of the Platanaceae family. Sensitization to this plant varies withgeography. Madrid, located in central Spain, has one of the highest London plane tree pollen concentration levels on the Iberian Peninsula.Objectives: We evaluated both the clinical characteristics and the molecular sensitization pattern of patients with allergy to London planetree pollen in the region of Madrid.Patients and Methods: Thirty-eight patients allergic to London plane tree pollen were selected according to their clinical symptoms andpositive results in skin prick testing and/or specific IgE determination. Serum was collected, and allergen components were evaluatedusing immunodetection techniques as well as ImmunoCAP. The IgE-binding proteins detected were identified and characterized usingmass spectrometry.Results: Analysis of serum samples from allergic patients revealed 9 IgE-binding bands in London plane tree pollen extract. Among these,the 45-kDa protein, which corresponded to Pla a 2, was detected in 76.3% of patients. However, the 18-kDa (Pla a 1) and 9-kDa (Pla a 3)bands were detected in 44.7% and 23.7% of sera, respectively. These results were confirmed using purified proteins. Characterization ofthe allergen revealed the 27-kDa protein to be glutathione-S-transferase.Conclusions: The molecular profile of patients sensitized to London plane tree pollen differs from that reported in studies from otherlocations. In the population we studied, the prevalence of Pla a 2 was higher than that of Pla a 1 and Pla a 3. In addition, the minorallergen previously referred to as Pla a 4 was characterized as glutathione-S-transferase. (AU)

Antecedentes: Platanus acerifolia es un árbol de hoja caduca de la familia Platanaceae. La sensibilización frente a esta planta varía enfunción de la zona geográfica. Madrid, ubicada en el centro de España, tiene uno de los mayores niveles de concentración de polen deeste árbol en la Península Ibérica.Objetivo: Evaluar las características clínicas y los patrones moleculares de sensibilización en pacientes con alergia al plátano de sombraen la región de Madrid.Pacientes y Métodos: Treinta y ocho pacientes alérgicos al polen del plátano de sombra fueron seleccionados de acuerdo con los síntomasclínicos, pruebas cutáneas positivas y/o IgE específica. El suero se recogió y se evaluaron los componentes alérgicos mediante técnicas deinmunodetección, así como ImmunoCAP. Las proteínas que unían IgE fueron identificadas y caracterizadas por espectrometría de masas.Resultados: El análisis de los sueros de los pacientes alérgicos reveló 9 bandas que captaban IgE en los extractos de polen de plátano desombra. Entre estas, la proteína de 45 kDa, correspondiente a Pla a 2, se detectó en el 76,3% de los pacientes. Sin embargo, las bandasde 18 kDa (Pla a 1) y 9 kDa (Pla a 3) fueron reconocidas en el 44,7% y 27,3%, respectivamente. Estos resultados se confirmaron usandoproteínas purificadas. La caracterización de los alérgenos identificó la proteína de 27 kDa como una glutatión S-transferasa.Conclusiones: El perfil molecular de los pacientes sensibilizados al polen del plátano de sombra varía respecto al descrito en estudios deotras localizaciones. Nuestra población muestra una mayor prevalencia de Pla a 2 comparado con Pla a 1 y Pla a 3. Además, el alérgenominoritario previamente denominado Pla a 4 fue caracterizado como una glutatión-S-transferasa. (AU)

Anaphylaxis: Mediators, Biomarkers, and Microenvironments

The life-threatening nature of anaphylactic reactions has increased interest in discovering new biomarkers that could improve diagnosis and prevention. However, the diverse nature of the clinical features and the etiology and pathogenesis of anaphylaxis hinder the identification of valuable molecular indicators of disease. Most studies on anaphylaxis focus on the immune system. Anaphylactic reactions are characterized primarily by IgE-mediated activation of mast cells and basophils and release of mediators. Determination of serum tryptase levels is the main in vitro test used to confirm the reaction, although there are no biomarkers that can predict it. Nevertheless, recent research has postulated that alternative pathways, cell types, and systems are involved. Consequently, various molecular products have been explored and considered potential biomarkers, although none of them are yet used in clinical practice. The products that are altered in patients with anaphylaxis include vasoactive agents, proteases, proteoglycans, lipids, interleukins, cytokines, products of the complement-contact and coagulation systems, circulating proteins, extracellular vesicles, microRNAs, and metabolites. The recognition of biological processes and molecular pathways affecting the microenvironments involved in anaphylaxis will considerably improve clinical practice and the identification of better molecular markers. We offer a broad review of the various mediators described in anaphylaxis, consider their usefulness as potential biomarkers of this pathological event, and examine their role in the molecular basis of the reaction (AU)

Porin: a new button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) allergen

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